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The larger urban zone (LUZ), or functional urban area (FUA), is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan areas in Europe. It consists of a city and its commuting zone.The definition was introduced in 2004 by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states. Eurostat data is provided on cities in the EU, its candidate countries and EFTA countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.The LUZ represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region." To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the LUZ boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban region.
In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.

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  1. M

    Gas pressure drop with flow to a larger pipe from a smaller one?

    Hi, Non-professional / knowledgeable person here. I'm a Brit in Romania who volunteers for a charity building an old peoples home for needy old people. Out here competence and integrity is harder to come by in a worker, in fact it's hard to find workers at all where we are in the countryside...
  2. Naseemkhan1682

    Converting house into flats, do I need larger main pipe?

    Hello, I am converting a house into 11 flats run by electric only. Each flat will have a kitchen and a mini electric boiler to power the sink and the shower. We were told by a plumber that we would require a 50mm diameter supply from the water board, this is quoted at £11,000. We have also...
  3. J

    Temporarily sealing live leaks on larger pipe?

    Hello gents. I'm stuck on this one so could use a few tips. I'm a maintenance engineer and the building I work in is very old which means that the majority of local isolation points are either seized or nonfunctional. Generally, a leak means isolating the whole site via the plant room or cutting...
  4. M

    Moving or raising radiator to fit a larger waste pipe behind it

    Hi all, New guy here with a fairly specific query. Hope someone can help. If this is in the wrong section please let me know. I'm the facility manager of an old town hall building. We have a persistent problem with a first floor toilet that is very prone to blocking. The reason is that the...
  5. O

    Shower leak, wet patch getting larger

    Hi I had a wet patch that appeared on my dining room wall close to the ceiling so I assumed it was coming from the bathroom directly above. I have recently moved in after decorating and used the sink and toilet before and the bath but never the shower. A plumber I know came and took the bath...
  6. P

    New central heating

    Hi Everyone, I came across this forum in my research for a new boiler. I recently moved into a house that was built in 1999(5 bed detached with multiple bathrooms).It has a baxi mega flo that was installed at build time so is getting around to replacement. it is heating only, I am not sure...
  7. P

    Purging larger installations

    Im just trying to dig up a reference to this....now due to the small volumes of typical domestic installations we would usually purge by relighting an appliance or using an appropriate fitting. Obviously UP1/1A are the relevant docs for larger installations but is there actual quoted procedure...
  8. P

    Moving gas meter - new pipes to reconnect

    Hi. New to this forum and hope someone can advise. I have had the gas company over as we are thinking of moving our gas meter to make way for an extension. They said there are two places it can be moved to: one is close to the existing entry pipe into the house, the other is further away but...
  9. B

    New radiator not getting hot at the bottom?

    Hi, Please help. I have had a new radiator fitted but it is not getting hot all over yet the inlet pipe is scorching hot but the return is flat cold. I have had a plumber out who has bled and balanced the system but still the same problem. He has suggested a bigger pump may be needed as the one...
  10. E

    larger cistern needed

    hi, I have a dilemma, 3 months ago I fitted anew toilet for a custard and at the time they where very happy, but since then they have had to have the drain rodded out because of blockages, theres no problems with them, just seems there isn't enough water to project the waste all the way to its...
  11. martind

    End cap plug/fitting (like WP26) but larger dia?

    All I need is a way to seal (water tight) the end of a short length (30”) of plastic tube-just like the WP26 fitting in the photo, but a larger diameter, maybe 60- 75mm dia (round or square). I have done it with a 110 push fitting, but when this size pipe is filled with water it is quite heavy...
  12. A

    overflow leaking yet again

    Hi to you all, I only registered last night and this is my first post. I hope someone can come up with a solution as I'm at a loss with my leaking overflow from the larger water tank in my loft. It started a year or so ago, I renewed the rubber washer in the ballcock valve of the larger tank...
  13. J

    Larger thread sealant

    Hi all Been using hemp and linseed based sealant on anything over 1 1/4" as I was trained, but keen to see if there are any decent alternatives. Surely there must be a easier option out not, feed up of the horses hair getting tangled up in my van. Any suggestions? Thanks
  14. M

    wall hung basins

    Are all basins ok to wall mount as long as you use the correct fittings? As I don't see any difference between them?
  15. T

    Alkathene

    Any one know if you are still able to get a stopcock with built in drain off to fit Alkathene pipework? the diameter is lightly larger than 15mm, thanks
  16. M

    Low hot water pressure

    I've just fitted a new thermostatic shower (made sure I bought a low pressure type) but there's still not enough pressure for me to get wet with hot water without running around. I figure that the only way forward is to raise the cold water tank in the loft. Due to the roof height, I can't...
  17. S

    Commercial work opportunities

    Hi Everyone i am new t this forum and haven`t as yet passed my domestic Gas (halfway through portfolio) but I was keen on training for my commercial ticket and wondered how hard it is to obtain self employed work in the commercial sector including commercial catering. Any advice appreciated!
  18. H

    Larger toilet. Sourcing.

    Hi guys im new to the forums. Im going to do 2 bathrooms for my girlfriends family and her dad wants wider toilets, as he is a larger man. Do any of you guys know websites or merchants that do good quality wider toilets (that dont look like disabled wc's) thanks
  19. F

    Installing larger direct vented cylinder

    Hi there, In my bathroom I currently have a direct vented cylinder (114 ltrs). It is separate from the main heating/hot water system for the main house. It feeds a power shower ( run off a pump that delivers 9 Ltrs a minute @ 3 bar) and a set of taps I'm putting in a larger cylinder (280...
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