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A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptases are used by viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B to replicate their genomes, by retrotransposon mobile genetic elements to proliferate within the host genome, and by eukaryotic cells to extend the telomeres at the ends of their linear chromosomes. Contrary to a widely held belief, the process does not violate the flows of genetic information as described by the classical central dogma, as transfers of information from RNA to DNA are explicitly held possible.Retroviral RT has three sequential biochemical activities: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, ribonuclease H (RNase H), and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Collectively, these activities enable the enzyme to convert single-stranded RNA into double-stranded cDNA. In retroviruses and retrotransposons, this cDNA can then integrate into the host genome, from which new RNA copies can be made via host-cell transcription. The same sequence of reactions is widely used in the laboratory to convert RNA to DNA for use in molecular cloning, RNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or genome analysis.

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  1. jaydebruyne

    Tiling...

    Went to do a private job and change the cartridges in this tap and both are seized into the tap. So have to replace the tap. Have to remove the tiles which sit directly underneath a mirror above and a glass shower screen to the right. If I manage to get the tiles out without recking the mirror...
  2. S

    Reverse flow

    Hi guys, what's the best and easiest way of sorting reverse flow? Don't really want to rip someone's house apart to trace back Pipework
  3. S

    Reverse auto air vent devise?

    Is there a devise that can be attached to a fixed ceiling shower head to allow the water to drain out once the shower has finished being used. There is pipework in the loft that we can attach a devise to. Im in thinking something that's a reverse of an auto air vent. Or a durgo. Does such...
  4. M

    can you get reverse circulation on a 2 2 port heating system in a bungalow?

    I was installing a heating system where I was running the hot water circuit as the last T. He asked me why I was doing it and then said that that was only applicable if it is thermo syhoning and on a 3 port valve. I told him it had nothing to do with thermo syphonng but the pump pushing it. Does...
  5. S

    Reverse Circulation.

    The upstairs radiators are getting warm when programmer is on hot water only. This has only recently started to happen, I don't think that it's the 3 port valve as the flow outlet to the heating is cold. Surely it's not a piping issue as it's only just started to happen. Any ideas?
  6. N

    Reverse circulation

    Hi, I think I have reverse circulation on this system I am dealing with. Is there a check valve in 22mm that I can put on this? I am thinking a normal check valve for mains would be no good for this. Thanks, Nat
  7. M

    stuck on reverse use of cyclinder

    Hope someone can help with this. I came upon a combination indirect cylinder. The stored water is heated by an immersion. The hot water is achieved by running mains incoming cold through the coil of the cylinder and presumably picking up the heat from the stored hot water and so to the taps...
  8. D

    old system open vented

    when hot water is asked for using danfoss 3020p,the rads also come on,the system suffers from air locks on the hot water side due to low head.thers a mid position valve on first inspection seemed to work but as the water got hotter so did both hot water and ch pipes of it,this has been a long on...
  9. G

    Reverse circulation problem with radiators

    Hi, I'm new to this forum, so hope I'm doing things correctly. I have a problem with my heating system in my new house, which I have recently just moved into, and hoping someone can help me out. Unfortunately I'm not from a plumbing background and thought it would be useful to post this on...
  10. T

    installing a 2 zone central heating system

    Hi I've had an extension and have decided to replace the whole of the CHS, not that there was much there in the first place (only a smallish house). My hand has been forced in a way by the new Building Regs, however I do think it is a good idea. I am installing two heating zones (upstairs and...
    • Tinno
    • Thread
    • central central heating central heating system combi forum heating heating system installing plumbing radiators return reverse system zone
    • Replies: 33
    • Forum: Plumbing Zone
  11. P

    Reverse Termosyphone

    Hi guys. I'm new here and looking for some advice. I'm about to plumb a heating system which has both an oil boiler and solid fuel stove. The stove is on the ground floor with the dual coil cylinder on the first floor about 15ft away. I intend using both sets of tappings on the stove, one...
    • Plumr
    • Thread
    • boiler central heating system circulation cold connect cylinder expansion flow gravity motorised valve oil plumber pump reverse secondary system tank tee temperature valve wall
    • Replies: 2
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  12. W

    Reverse cycle air conditioning?

    This concept appeals to me,not sure if thats exactly what its called but i think thats it.Basically the hot air you feel coming off an ac unit is used to preheat the hot water/heating primaries and the boiler or immersion then tops it up as I understand it? Never heard of the concept until a...
    • waldomeyer
    • Thread
    • air boiler building central heating system cycle green hot hot water inside reverse supply water
    • Replies: 2
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  13. R

    Would a non return valve prevent reverse circulation?

    Hi, I have been asked to look at a multi zoned system, where one of the radiators is getting hot because of the wrong connection to it on the return pipe work. All the floors are tiled it would be costly to alter pipework under the floors. If i stuck in a non return valve on the radiator that...
    • Readingplumber
    • Thread
    • boiler central heating system circulation cylinder flow funny hot hot water pipe problem radiator radiators return reverse system tee valve water work
    • Replies: 8
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  14. P

    Reverse Termosyphoning

    Hi guys. I'm new here and looking for some advice. I'm about to plumb a heating system which has both an oil boiler and solid fuel stove. The stove is on the ground floor with the dual coil cylinder on the first floor about 15ft away. I intend using both sets of tappings on the stove, one...
    • Plumr
    • Thread
    • boiler central heating system circulation cold cylinder expansion flow motorised valve oil pump reverse secondary system tank temperature valve wall
    • Replies: 0
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  15. shaky

    Reverse Circulation

    Hello all just doing my nvq level 3 at collage and we was on the topic of reverse circulation and im trying to under stand what the best way to avoid this. Do you take the hot water return as close to the boiler as possable any advice would be greatfull.
    • shaky
    • Thread
    • boiler circulation cylinder grundfos hot hot water nvq pump radiators reverse secondary tee water
    • Replies: 4
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  16. D

    Use of reverse return for hotel hot water risers

    Hi All, I have the following questions on the design of central domestic hot water system for one of my ongoing hotel project, this project comprise of 2 area. Area 1 comprise of 6 blocks of hotels each 7 storeys high and area 2 comprise of 6 zones of villas where each zone is made up of about...
    • darrenlcy
    • Thread
    • air central cold cold water control flow high hot hot water hot water system hotel job pipes plumber pressure problem return reverse risers save money supply system tap taps valve valves water work
    • Replies: 1
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  17. M

    Ch pump in reverse

    hi. if a ch pump was fitted the wrong way round. 1- would it do any damage. 2- would it help to move sludge. system--- baxi bermuda back boiler open vent .thanks.
  18. L

    Reverse Circulation with Stove

    Hi folks Great forum thanks:) I put a stove in a while back, one that heats the water and rads. The natural circulation is plumbed to heat the hot water cylinder. Unfortunately when the stove is left overnight and gets cold, reverse circulation starts in the system and by morning time most of...
    • Louis
    • Thread
    • check valve circulation cold cylinder electric expansion flow heater hot hot water hot water cylinder merchant pipe piping plumbers problem reverse safe safety stove system tank valve valves vent water y plan
    • Replies: 24
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
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