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circulation

Print circulation is the average number of copies of a publication. Number of copies of a nonperiodical publication such as a book called usually print run. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called paid circulation, since some issues are distributed without cost to the reader. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the assumption that a typical copy is read by more than one person.
Print circulation is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. In many countries, circulations are audited by independent bodies such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations to assure advertisers that a given newspaper does reach the number of people claimed by the publisher. There are international open access directories such as Mondo Times, but these generally rely on numbers reported by newspapers themselves.
In many developed countries, print circulation is falling due to social and technological changes such as the availability of news on the internet. On the other hand, in some developing countries circulation is increasing as these factors are more than cancelled out by rising incomes, population, and literacy.

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  1. GQuigley67

    Circulation problems

    Have had a real nightmare job for one of my clients, potterton gold HE, I replaced the weak pump, diverter valve and AAV, stripped everything bar the Main HE, isolated the heating circuit and pinpointed it to the boiler(prob HE) system water very clean and no signs of bad system contamination...
  2. C

    Pellet stove to buffer store circulation problems

    I have connected a 14kw pellet boiler stove to a 200 litre buffer tank. The original aim was to produce some lower temperature water for the underfloor heating circuit whilst feeding some rads upstairs. The boiler stove is fitted with a circulation pump on the return side. There is a 55 degree...
  3. C

    Loss of pump circulation to boiler after radiator modification Read more: http://ww

    I have a an open vented system which is split into two with one part serving the original house (heating plus hot water via a 3 port valve) and the other part with it's own pump serving the extension. A single boiler feeds both old and new pumps and the feed/return pipework is common to both...
  4. A

    Alpha 30CDS. Circulation issues. pressure gauge flickering. loud banging

    Ok went to this boiler on Friday, loud banging and going to lock out. Flow getting hot, nothing coming back. Went back today, fitted new expansion vessel - external of boiler as not enough clearance to get old one out. It hasn't helped, the boiler will run for longer before going to lock out...
  5. A

    Hot water return circulation

    Hi, was wondering if anyone could help, I am currently working on a big new build retirement home, at the moment I am piping the new build up, with my hot and cold going into each plot from the corridor. I have also got a hot water return, the bit im not sure about is that does the hot water...
  6. N

    Reverse circulation

    I have recently re located the cylinder cupboard (new cylinder) also adding a small radiator at the top of the stairs to the heating circuit , The pump had to be relocated as well. It was under the flooring boards in a bedroom, the pipe work has been extended by about 1 mtr and is still under...
  7. J

    Replacing Central Heating circulation pump - Shipley, West Yorkshire

    I have a conventional "old-fashioned" gas-fired boiler and hot-water cylinder with secondary central heating. On Sunday evening, the circulating pump (a WSP Gold model) failed .It was most likely the electronics in the speed controller attached to the pump - a bad "burnt electrics" smell was...
    • J Rowe
    • Thread
    • being central central heating circulation circulation pump heating james panel pump replacing sorted west yorkshire yorkshire
    • Replies: 7
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  8. W

    UFH circulation problem

    Hi. Complete plumbing novice here so please go easy, especially as I've tried to get a plumber in but nobody seems interested(Chepstow)! Hoping for some advice re my Uponor wet ufh system. My whole house has ufh, installed about 7 years ago. Basically, everything fine up until last weekend when...
  9. Worcester

    Circulation Pump Vokera AriaPro - 6 weeks for a repalcement !!

    Got called out today to help a custards mum that has a Vokera ASHP. The circulation pump built into the unit is peeing out water and causing the unit to trip, so need a replacement pump It's a Salmson Type SXM25-60CA Art-Nr 2109203 Called Vokera, they don't stock them in the UK, a replacement...
  10. jaydebruyne

    Back circulation??

    Went to a job the other week and it's been bugging me! In the end the boss went to it and diagnosed it as back circulation. Basically - 3 storey house. Rads on 3rd floor were hot all the time whether heating or dhw was in demand or not. Rads elsewhere were off when not in demand. I'm assuming...
  11. A

    Ferroli Optimax HE 31C Circulation Issues

    Hi, Been to the above horrendous heap of junk this evening to do a service. She tells me she's got a problem with the heating and fault code d2. I've found out d2 is that the ch temp has gone above the set temp and that the boiler is cooling until the temp is lower. Now the upstairs rads...
  12. U

    central heating adding extra pump for minor circulation problem

    hi all I have fitted a large system with 35 plus radiators over 3 floors everyware is getting hot except one area is only warm , I am going to add a running pump to this area it is a straight run of 4 rads my query is to fit the pump to start of run to push heat through or end of the line to...
    • Unregistered
    • Thread
    • adding central central heating circulation extra heating problem pump
    • Replies: 27
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  13. N

    ariston ecombi. insufficient circulation error ? help

    I keep getting this error, I'll explain what happens. First thing in the morning when I get up usually the boiler has locked out with this error, it would appear that when the heating tries to kick in it trips the boiler. Now if I turn on the hot water tap then reset the boiler it fires up...
    • neiloliver
    • Thread
    • ariston boiler central heating system circulation error help looking plumber water
    • Replies: 3
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  14. S

    Circulation issues..

    Hi, I've stumbled across a job that is one where I'm running out of ideas. the house is a bungalow, with a roof conversion, overall there are 12 rads (5up 7down), most old single panels but a couple of newer k2 rads have been installed. the boiler, a Worcester 18ri, is installed in one...
  15. T

    high limit stat

    Hi was just looking a second opinion on a job ive to look at. Its a old grant 50/70 euroflame. Its on an open vent system with no stats inside house. The high limit stat trips most days not while its in its cycle . Im told it wotks ok then just trips out after it switches off at time clock. I...
  16. R

    Circulation pump

    Hi, Just a quick question....... When looking at different circulation pumps what does the sizes mean regarding 4m, 6m & 8m head??? Thanks.
  17. R

    Questions Regarding Circulation Pump

    Hi, Hopefully somebody can help me out with a problem i have with my heating system. Im finding that most of my radiators are only luke warm apart from the radiator nearest the circulation pump, which is always red hot. I have bled all the radiators and changed the valves on each ends of...
    • redcuckoo
    • Thread
    • boiler circulation circulation pump pump questions radiators regarding system valves
    • Replies: 8
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  18. S

    Cold rads

    Hall rad and kitchen rad back to back stone cold. Upstairs all hot, another 3 downstairs ok. Turned all upstairs rads off still the same two cold. Turned off the good 3 downstairs then boiler goes off. Turned off cold rad at lockshields x2 and crack the nut, full bowl under and vaguely luke...
  19. P

    No Circulation to radiators

    Hi guys, Basically I have a customer with a system which is ancient(old 4 pipe back boiler unit as far as I can see) and he was complaining that the boiler would only fire for a short period then shut down but rads weren't getting hot(bad circulation due to pump found to be not moving). so in...
  20. 1

    Replace existing C/H circulation pump

    My Grundfoss UPS 15-50 pump has started to grumble on start up, so decided to replace with updated model prior to failure; on attempting to remove 12 yr old pump by isolating and unscrewing pump isolation valve with a large 12" flat face adjustable was a a complete no no [limited access]. Even...
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