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circulation

Print circulation is the average number of copies of a publication. Number of copies of a nonperiodical publication such as a book called usually print run. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called paid circulation, since some issues are distributed without cost to the reader. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the assumption that a typical copy is read by more than one person.
Print circulation is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. In many countries, circulations are audited by independent bodies such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations to assure advertisers that a given newspaper does reach the number of people claimed by the publisher. There are international open access directories such as Mondo Times, but these generally rely on numbers reported by newspapers themselves.
In many developed countries, print circulation is falling due to social and technological changes such as the availability of news on the internet. On the other hand, in some developing countries circulation is increasing as these factors are more than cancelled out by rising incomes, population, and literacy.

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  1. L

    Towel Rad in a Gravity/Tank fed system

    Hello, This may have already been covered but I have searched to no avail so please bare with me. I have a gravity/tank fed system which currently comprises of a Villager boiler stove which is connected via 28mm pipe to an indirect cylinder about 3m directly above. This in turn is fed by a...
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    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  2. M

    bypass gate valve position

    Hi, my father in law put a screw through a pipe over the weekend and in an effort to stop the water from leaking he turned off all of the valves that he could find in his loft. I went over to help and between us we drained the system and replced the damaged pipe. When we refilled the system we...
    • mpullar
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    • air bypass circulation fix flow gate valve gravity heating hot hot water law loft manual pipe position pressure pump radiators remove rules screw system valve valves water
    • Replies: 6
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  3. R

    solid fuel pipework

    hi guy, new to this first thread... just wondering about the pipewrk from solid fuel stove, my question is, would it b ok to run flow on the gravity circuit, from stove to attic, then back down from attic space to coil on cylinder, and return back from coil to boiler, would this work
    • rascla
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  4. B

    Cold Feed Getting Hot

    I have an open vented CH system. I've just had a new boiler, pump, electronic controls & room stat fitted. It's not been the best experience I've had. Now the work is complete, I've noticed that the 15mm piped cold feed into the CH system gets hot from time to time. Not sure how high up...
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  5. C

    Pump Differential

    Working on a commercial system and the Grundfos 32-80 single headed pump has a gauge before and after both saying 2bar. the pump is spinning and no circulation is happening, both circuits of the header have the same problem but a third set of pumps show 3/4 bar differential. does anyone...
    • Chalmers7
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    • Replies: 1
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  6. T

    Loud banging from central heating pipes

    Hi there, have searched on here, but cant find anything that really matches my problem, so here it is. Yesterday I was working in my kitchen (changing sockets, tiling etc.) after turning the electrics off and on a couple of times I noticed the boiler was making a funny noise. It would fire...
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  7. B

    Problem with two pump system

    Hi, I have removed a old glow worm boiler gravity feed system with 4x 22mm pipes flow and return going in to each side of boiler. Just fitted worcester 24 ri boiler and have pipped it up to the 4 pipes altered pipework in airing cupboard as the pump was on the return, is now on the flow with...
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  8. A

    GSHP, UFH & Buffer Tank/Thermal Store

    Hi all, Hopefully someone with a little knowledge of this setup can advise on my best course of action. Currently our plumber is about to start the first fix. Our system is a little unusual compared to the normal and I would appreciate some advice on the best setup for what we want to...
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  9. L

    2 Cold radiators upstairs

    The radiators in 2 of my bedrooms don't work. One is a single rad and has a thermostic valve on it (actually it has one on both the inlet and the outlet to the rad and both valves are in the max position). The other rad is in a bedroom with two rads, each of which has a thermostatic valve. The...
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  10. Q

    Ariston boiler problem

    Hi! I had a full new system installed in 2004, complete with an Ariston Micro Genus 23 MFFI boiler (due to space considerations - of those available from the supplier at the time, it was shallow enough to be fitted inside a cupboard). Aside from the annual BG safety check and a replacement...
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  11. F

    TRV's Knocking

    I have just had a new condensing combi boiler fitted, retaining the existing radiators and most of the pipework. When the TRV's are in the approx mid point setting the upstairs ones just randomly start knocking, presumably as they are about to shut off. The knocking is easily stopped by just...
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  12. D

    Circulation worries

    Hi all, I have just purchased an old building which has a new combi boiler fitted with 22mm pipes across the 1st floor and then 15mm down to the rads on the ground floor, there are 10 in total on the ground floor. I wish to add 9 rads to the 1st floor ! I believe that the boiler is ok to heat...
    • Daryl17
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  13. J

    Under Sink Water Heater

    In our previous house we had an unventilated under sink water heater plumbed into the hot water supply to the sink. This worked very well for many years. As we have the same problem in our new house of the sink being a long way from the hot water cylinder I would like to do the same. Is there...
    • jabberwock48
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    • Replies: 5
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  14. J

    A few College questions

    Hello everybody, Im just doing a mock theory test at college and im stuck on a few questions because we havent covered them yet, Its preparing us for the exam in two weeks. Can you help. 1. Which of the following is the correct type of joint that can be used to make a connection between two...
    • joe brown
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  15. 2

    Help! Central heating works but hot water doesn't!

    Hi all, I'm new to the forum but hopefully there is someone out there who may be able to help. Our central heating is working fine but our hot water supply is not working as it should. Over the last few days it has become less and less warm, to the point this evening that it was too tepid to...
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  16. W

    no separate controls on gravity hw system

    Hi, can anybody offer me some advice, i have a fairly old gas boiler with gravity hot water and pumped central heating, the problem i have is that i have no separate control for the HW and CH, when using the central heating the water in the hw cylinder is constantly heating up making it...
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  17. J

    advertising calls

    i usually tell them where to go, but the other day i actually fell for one. Gutted. The guy said he was from the emergency services press, anyone had such calls? now they have sent me an invoice for £230! which would be alright, but after a search about the company, they seem to be completely...
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    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  18. R

    Alpha CB24

    I have a customer complaining that her Alpha CB24 runs for about 20 secs and then cuts out. I'm not going round until the morning to look at it but I think I should firstly look at the overheat stat and the flame sensing electrode. Anyone had this problem recently??? p.s. I'm going on a...
    • rob jefkins
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    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  19. R

    Still pumping

    I've got a strange one to go to tomorrow, oil fired Thermecon system boiler, 2x 2 port wet side, circulation pump won't stop, i've turned the programmer off, tried disconnecting the room stat, still keeps running, any idea's what the problem is? Thanks :confused:
    • Rusty
    • Thread
    • boiler circulation fix high oil pipes problem pump pumping still switch system water work
    • Replies: 4
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
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