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state

A state is a centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory. There is no undisputed definition of a state. A widely used definition from the German sociologist Max Weber is that a "state" is a polity that maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence, although other definitions are not uncommon. A state is not synonymous with a government, as stateless governments like the Iroquois Confederacy exist.In a federal union, the term "state" is sometimes used to refer to the federated polities that make up the federation. (Other terms that are used in such federal systems may include “province”, “region” or other terms.)
Most of the human population has existed within a state system for millennia; however, for most of prehistory people lived in stateless societies. The earliest forms of states arose about 5,500 years ago as governments gained state capacity in conjunction with rapid growth of cities, invention of writing and codification of new forms of religion. Over time, a variety of forms of states developed, which used many different justifications for their existence (such as divine right, the theory of the social contract, etc.). Today, the modern nation state is the predominant form of state to which people are subject.

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  1. J

    Moving to another state as a plumber?

    Hi plumbers. I just have a few questions about moving to another state as a plumber and pursuing journeyman’s licenses. Here’s some background on me first, then the Q’s. I’m 23 years old, currently living in Florida with my parents and really want to move to New Hampshire... really want to move...
  2. A

    How to get an out of state plumbing job when many other states require licensing in the U.S.?

    Hello, I am actually posting this question for my spouse. We are looking to move states. The state we are currently allows plumbers without a license to work in a plumbing company under someone with the required licensing. Currently, my spouse is considered an apprentice. We are seeking to...
  3. apprentisorcier

    Erratic hot water on new Vaillant EcoTec Green IQ 843, can a TMV or S.40 state be the issue?

    I had a new Combi boiler (a Vaillant EcoTec exclusive green IQ 843) installed a few days ago replacing a previous system one. My flat has 2 bathrooms on two floors with 2 showers and 1 bath. Heating works, and hot water mostly works as well but there's something that kicks in when we shower...
  4. B

    heating/boiler advice, honeywell thermostat - what is my state?

    please can you advice on my situation? i have a valliant combi eco tec plus. I dont have a working thermostat. so does this mean the heating is juts on or off or? whats going on? pictures probably make more sense... the dial with a radiator on the boiler, is that just a kind of minumum to...
  5. J

    Drayton LP241 timers in a strange state

    My CH/HW is controlled with a Drayton LP241 (Which is rebranded as Iflo as I replaced it a few years back due to a fault). Its been fine for years but last weekend I 'boosted' the water and the boiler didn't fire.. I then looked (listened actually) to the programmer and it was acting strange...
  6. R

    Williams & Co 2016 Labour rates and state of the trade survey

    Our 2016 "state of the trade" survey, including the benchmark labour rate statistics has now been published - see link here
  7. cr0ft

    2015 Williams State Of The Trade Survey

    Hi all, I've tried looking for this on the search but can't find it using the obvious keywords. Does anyone have a link to it please? Thinking of upping my hourly rates but wanted to look at it first. Cheers, Keiran.
  8. R

    Email about state pension

    Anyone else get an email about their state pension? Basically said due to age I'll be a member of the new state pension. They try to tell you how to work it out as an approx amount but who knows!
  9. R

    You read it here first! 2015 state of the trade survey outcome

    Hi All Thanks to all of you who completed the 2015 "State of the trade" survey. As in previous years, plumbers arms members get a sneak preview at the final report, which is officially published in HPM magazine. You also get to read it exactly as written - not after their sub-editor has...
  10. AlexGas

    Illegal gas fitter from Poole left boilers in a dangerous state...

    Illegal gas fitter from Poole left boilers in a dangerous state. Media centre - HSE
  11. R

    Williams & Co 2013 State of trade and labour rate survey - results

    Hi All See attached for the results of our 2013 survey, and a big thanks to everyone from the forum who contributed. Please keep this in the Arms for a while - HPM magazine will be publishing an edited version later in the year, but I thought you might like a sneak preview. Its the most...
  12. R

    Sponsored thread - Williams & Co 2013 state of trade and labour rate survey

    Hi All We are in the process of gathering data for our 2013 "state of the trade" survey, in conjunction with Heating & plumbing magazine. We have run this for many years now, and publish the results in the mag and online - you can see some of last years results on this thread. Obviously...
  13. B

    British gas state they could not see size of my gas pipes

    the above letter is regarding the Bosch worcester Boiler that British Gas installed using some of my existing pipework which was too thin . They also did not flush the system properly and incorrectly fitted the eartyh bonding and did not fit the magnatech filter which was part of my contract...
  14. T

    joule thermal store

    just a quick one guys regarding the above does the thermal store require a PRV on cold main,it came with 1 litre expansion vessel and blender,then two days later a PRV arrives is this needed? incoming pressure is 4 bar but the domestic passes through the coil.its just cause PRV has safety valve...
  15. P

    State of public toilets

    Was bursting for a dump today and nearest toilet was the newish 20p ones in the town, when I pay 20p for a dump I don't expect both toilets to be caked in excrement. Wheres all the money going? Why can't the guy in the pay booth clean them instead of sat reading paper all day? My stomach turned...
  16. M

    Terrible state of affairs for us trainees' trying to break into this career

    The lack of opportunities for apprentices/trainees is staggering! Just wonder if this will ever get any better as so many people (including me) offer to work for free outside the normal commitments. To the plumbers that are time served - have you ever seen the lack of work so bad? :rant:
  17. K

    State of Van Shelving etc

    Just looking for ideas for shelving and how to lay out van stock for rear of van. Personally ive got a transit connect with a roof rack and van guard pipe rack. At the back its going to look alot like this (i like things organsied lol)
  18. S

    Room Sealed boiler in Bathroom.

    Can RS boilers still be fitted in bathrooms i was sure that they could, but have been told by a gas engineer that its changed and that this is now not aloud. I do no that its not the ideal place etc but was just wondering if anyone could clarify please. Steve
  19. G

    Bbu's

    Had a few back boiler fires lately and noticed how crammed up they seem to get with dust , one today was shocking to the point the radiants were complently thick with dust and couldn't see them not to mentionn the state of the boiler behind . This probably took best part of hour brushing and...
  20. A

    whos best to call out for a repair?

    hi all. my wocester 28i junior boiler has developed a fault. so who do i call out to come reapir it? do i call out my gas supplier EON or wocester?? would i get away with signing up to one of these monthly services and then report it broken or just pay a call out fee? thanx
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