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space

Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.
Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity; namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khôra (i.e. "space"), or in the Physics of Aristotle (Book IV, Delta) in the definition of topos (i.e. place), or in the later "geometrical conception of place" as "space qua extension" in the Discourse on Place (Qawl fi al-Makan) of the 11th-century Arab polymath Alhazen. Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in the Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of classical mechanics. In Isaac Newton's view, space was absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the space. Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeley attempted to refute the "visibility of spatial depth" in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Later, the metaphysician Immanuel Kant said that the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all experiences. Kant referred to the experience of "space" in his Critique of Pure Reason as being a subjective "pure a priori form of intuition".
In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in which space is conceived as curved, rather than flat. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space.

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  1. M

    Cutting copper pipe with no space

    Ok sound a bit simple In my mum's house , need to replace shower bit the shower has been tiled over twice so the screws to get the cover off are covered . Removed a few tiles and want to fit new one on top of tiles but the feed it's too short . Would just cut it and start again but pipe is...
  2. D

    Combi in Roof Space ?

    im thinking of replacing my old boiler with a combi in the loft of my bungalow over the bathroom which uses most hot water, but it’s not near a wall, can they be mounted on a wooden frame ?
  3. M

    Steel gas pipe in ceiling space

    Hi guys may have job coming up to lower a ceiling but there is a steel gas pipe coming across part of ceiling coming from upstairs to downstairs cooker . Would I be able to leave the pipe above ceiling if vented or have to renew back to meter and bring new pipe down below lowered ceiling ? Thanks
  4. Ted808

    Scummy F+E tank in a tiny kind of loft space.

    I've seen brown scum in Fe tanks but not this white scum. I would replace tank after PF but what would you guys do? I've had so much trouble with old systems.... Air , noise, pumps failing, scuz playing havoc after drain down... What's the protocol for whipping Fe out and converting to sealed...
  5. C

    Enough space? - Water Softener, Hot Tap & Water Purifier

    I am currently having my kitchen renovated and the attached pictures shows the wall where we will have the sink run comprising of the following - Left side - 60cm Dish Washer Middle - 90cm Sink unit (80cm Sink) Right Side - 40cm Bin Unit The whole width of the wall is 205cm The middle unit...
  6. B

    combustion analysis on space heaters.

    Hi i'm currently on placement and my engineer's analyser is being re-calibrated and I don't have have any others readings to go of. So if some one could tell me what area of CO,CO2, CO/CO2 and O2 reading you get on balanced flue gas fires. Thanks
  7. C

    Which water softening unit to use for space heating water?

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  8. Last Plumber

    Dan

    I'm sure I should know this by now so I apologise in advance for my ignorance but who is DAN, why does he post such wacky random stuff and why does no one ever seem to answer the poor chap?
  9. C

    Space to replace a PRV on a Worcester 28CDi

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  10. F

    Moving foul pipe

    Hi all, I would like a exstension along the back of my house. Right in the the middle of the back wall is a foul pipe with a pipe branching into it from my bathroom. I don't want a column with the foul pipe encased in it n the new kitchen dinner. Are there any other alternatives? Also is there...
  11. T

    Dishwasher connection. No space. Head ache.

    Hi all. I'm putting a new kitchen in my flat and being an old Georgian building nothing is square or level. I measured the kitchen but obviously didn't allow enough tolerance as my dishwasher is super tight. The dish washer measures 600mm wide and 550deep. My void for it is 600mm (so ok)...
  12. W

    Space saver/swan neck pan connectors.

    Installed hundreds of bogs and never used one but had one on the van for years. Needed a 90 degree pan con and didn't have one and thought I'd try the swan neck with a straight pushed into it (the custard wouldn't have cared, there were piles of cat turds in the bath and I had to dress up like...
  13. W

    Space saver 50

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  14. T

    Gas Safety Inspection - boiler not meet standards/requirements

    Hello, Had a boiler upgrade installed this summer from old gravityfed system to combi boiler (Worcestre Bosch compact). Had boiler relocated to loft. Installer saidit could be done and would meet requirements. Now had GS inspection (really brilliantguy) who checked everything but said that the...
  15. S

    Regs for boilers in loft space

    Anyone know where I can find regs for boiler in loft spaces?
  16. C

    Glow worm space saver constantly heating hot water

    I have what looks like a very old Glow worm spacesaver in my flat (first time buyer) and have suddenly noticed despite not switching the hot water on for weeks the tank stays hot. When i look at the boiler i have noticed the flame is constantly lit, despite turning the hot water tank thermostat...
  17. C

    Glow-worm space saver.

    Hello all, I am new to this site and have a problem with my boiler. It is a Glow-worm spacesaver and the problem is this, when I turn it on the burner ignites and the pump runs. After a few minutes the burner cuts out on what I think is the overheat thermostat. That's it in a nutshell. Any...
  18. P

    Find me a toilet - short projection, comfort height, rear space to take waste to side

    Hi, I'm looking for the 'perfect' toilet for my new cloakroom, and would appreciate if any pro's can suggest a model. The one I've seen that is almost perfect is Tavistock Ion Comfort Height Close Coupled. Spec of that is: Pan height 460 (high for elderly visitors) Projection 610 (i.e. short)...
  19. plumb_know

    space heater

    could someone please help me identify this space heater(should be attachment) as i forgot to note down make/model whilst on site doing my gas portfolio. thanks, vince
  20. B

    sizing catchment space

    there is an easy way to size that 12dm catchment space for a fire but its so long since ive don't it ive forgotton if anyone uses it post it will yeh
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