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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities; medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals; vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
Ventilating or ventilation (the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air. Methods for ventilating a building are divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.

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  1. VirtuosicVirtuoso

    Newly installed immersion heater suddenly stopped working after a week. What could be the issue?

    I've recently replaced an immersion heater for a direct cylinder, for 2.75-3kW. The new one seemed to be working a week before I got a callback. I checked the resistance of the immersion heater, and it read 19ohms, and the voltage on the live and neutral read 230V, but there was no humming or...
  2. T

    Water heater drain valve drip

    Hello. My home's Rheem water heater is dripping from the drain valve. It is strange as it seems to sometimes spit out some water and then stop and then occurs again. I have a little plastic bucket to collect the water, probably about 3 cups of water in a 24 hour period. I was doing some...
  3. E

    Water Heater Replacement Questions

    Hello, I have a tank Bradford White 50 gallon gas hot water heater for a 1700 sq ft home with 2 1/2 baths, HOWEVER, I am only one person living there. It was installed in March of 2015 so it is 8 years old. I believe life expectancy for a typical hot water heater is around 10 - 12 years so I...
  4. N

    Unvented water heater

    Hi, I have an unvented water heater which for some reason every year causes me issues. At the end of 2023 I noticed that the pressure valve gauge was going up when the water tank was switched on. My local plumber came and re-pressured the expansion vessel as it was flat, afterwards we tested...
  5. M

    Leaking hot water heater. Repair or fix?

    Hi, I've got a brand new (2nd hand) Bosch Hydropower 16H tankless hot water heater. Since it was installed I have noticed it leaks a lot. I took the cover off and it looks like the bottom part (water section?) is leaking in a couple of places. maybe a seal or diaphragm? Can it be repaired or...
  6. P

    Dangerous Plaque Heater

    We have a situation on our allotment where we have a large propane tank (free standing) inside a portacabin (not chained) connected to a plaque heater (outdated flexible hose) which is laid on its back (on the carpet) to serve as a burner to boil water for tea and to heat the portacabin. What...
  7. K

    fix the connector leak to water pump - emersion heater

    hi all, i need help to fix the leak from a pipe connected to the water pump via flexi pipe and it is feed from the immersion heater. I have emptied the water tank in the loft and also closed the main stopcock. still the leak is on - hoping it will eventually stop. I have not idea how the...
  8. T

    Emersion heater install

    I am fitting a 80 lt back up emersion, flat tank it's back up while I interview the existing gas boiler, mechanically not gas wise. I only have 14 mm pipes up stairs the run to shower is 2m for hot and cold pipes. There is no chance to fit a larger supply pipe. I am aware of press reduction...
  9. W

    Old radiant heater system bleed valves

    Hi, I'm in New Mexico US... I have a fifties boiler with floorboard radiant hydronic heating. The old valves are corroded and not working. I have found a bushing valve combo that has same threading but different profile. Please anyone knows of source for old valve types... Or, can the new...
  10. B

    Santon Unvented Direct PP120E - Help Please

    Hi everyone, I have a Santon Premier Plus PP120E (unvented direct immersion heater) fitted with two thermostats, which provides hot water to taps and shower. The central heating runs from a separate system. On the PP120E: Bottom thermostat is set it to 4 out of 5 (approx. 60C), and connected...
  11. W

    Pressure reliefe pouring out of unvented immersion heater.

    Hi all. So I have an OSO Super SXD 180 immersion heater and it is pouring a huge amount of water out of the cold water pressure relief valve regardless of whether the tank is heating or not. We're talking litres a minute currently. I have replaced the valve which changed nothing. I have...
  12. S

    Dual immersion heater question

    I recently posted to request information about supply of a "dual Immersion heater". Two members kindly replied with helpful advice. I tried to respond with thanks but the system persistently refused to accept this; quoting: "Your content can not be submitted. This is likely because your content...
  13. S

    Dual immersion heater with sink/bath switch

    I have read of hot water cylinders being heated with a dual element immersion heater. The main principle being that a shorter element heats the top of the tank and then, subsequently, a longer element comes into play. With a bath/sink switch the longer element may be disabled. The topic of such...
  14. B

    D2 from 15l under sink heater.

    I have a 10m run to get to outside, can this be done in 32mm polypropylene pushfit pipe?
  15. T

    Tesla T-Smart immersion heater reliability ?

    Has anyone fitted a Tesla T-Smart immersion heater and can comment on reliability ? On Amazon, there are mixed reviews, with one saying that it is dangerous as it didn't turn off properly. I spoke to Tesla and they said that those reports were early teething issues (but I guess they would say...
  16. B

    electric shower vs. mains from dual cylinder submersion heater

    Hello, and thank you for reading. My partner and I have just purchased our first property that came with a dual cylinder electric water heater, and an electric shower in the bathroom. As it happens, the shower needs replacement, and we were thinking of removing the electric shower (Mira Sport)...
  17. B

    Part of Immersion Heater Element Fell into Tank

    Struggled with an element that was far too wide to come out of the aperture (how was it ever put in ?) I had to cut one loop. After some brute force the head broke off leaving the broken ends of the element protruding. I wiggled half of it out at which point the other half fell back into the...
  18. F

    Water heater venting system

    Water heater venting issues. Need someone to look at my pix of the set up and let me know if it's a proper and efficient set up.
  19. A

    Electric water heater still hissing after draining and flushing

    When we moved into our house in 2016, the electric water heater popped loudly when heating. After awhile, I researched and realized that it was likely due to limescale and/or other sediment buildup. I flushed it multiple times, but never got it to stop popping, so I eventually decided to replace...
  20. H

    Selling my new 30KW 5-start heater with 2 controllers

    Hey guys, I've just installed a reverse cycle ducted heating/cooling in my new built house and took out the heater. The heater hasn't been used nor even commissioned so it new. I thought of putting this post here - if allowed - to see if any of you would need to install a new one? It is in...
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