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Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost surplus off-peak electric power is typically used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Although the losses of the pumping process make the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest. If the upper lake collects significant rainfall or is fed by a river then the plant may be a net energy producer in the manner of a traditional hydroelectric plant.
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity allows energy from intermittent sources (such as solar, wind) and other renewables, or excess electricity from continuous base-load sources (such as coal or nuclear) to be saved for periods of higher demand. The reservoirs used with pumped storage are quite small when compared to conventional hydroelectric dams of similar power capacity, and generating periods are often less than half a day.
Pumped storage is by far the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage available, and, as of 2020, the United States Department of Energy Global Energy Storage Database reports that PSH accounts for around 95% of all active tracked storage installations worldwide, with a total installed throughput capacity of over 181 GW, of which about 29 GW are in the United States, and a total installed storage capacity of over 1.6 TWh, of which about 250 GWh are in the United States. The round-trip energy efficiency of PSH varies between 70%–80%, with some sources claiming up to 87%. The main disadvantage of PSH is the specialist nature of the site required, needing both geographical height and water availability. Suitable sites are therefore likely to be in hilly or mountainous regions, and potentially in areas of natural beauty, making PSH susceptible to social and ecological issues. Many recently proposed projects, at least in the U.S., avoid highly sensitive or scenic areas, and some propose to take advantage of "brownfield" locations such as disused mines.

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  1. A

    Boosting pumped pressure

    I live most of the year on a tiny Caribbean island with no mains water. I collect rain in a 25,000 gallon cistern which is then pumped to the taps. But the house is build against a hill top. My water system is as illustrated below enabling the domestic water and garden irrigation to be served...
  2. M

    How to discharge a rising pumped outlet to avoid freezing.

    Im looking to install a saniflo or similar, with the outlet rising up through a flat roof and into a soil stack above. The problem is, this obviously poses a frost risk. Ideally I would like to have a method of draining back the contents of the pipework above the roof level once the pumping...
  3. G

    Clearing airlock from multiple pumped showers

    I have a negative head twin impeller Stuart Turner pump feeding hot and cold to three showers, one bath, plus hot to three basin's from my gravity fed, loft cold water tank and airing cupboard hot water tank. Occasionally the pump operates for a couple of seconds without demand for water. More...
  4. J

    Pumped return worcester 18ri

    Hi all I've got a customer with a kingfisher in a downstairs cupboard with gravity hot water and pumped heating. The cylinder has the vent on the flow to cylinder and cold feed on the return. I plan on installing an 18ri with an s plan kit and wireless cylinder stat. My question is if I pump...
  5. Hobo128

    Pumped shower valves

    Good morning all So been asked to install 2 power showers at a property recently... The property has a combi boiler which is only about 3 years old which customer doesn't want to change.... The only option I can see is an unvented cylinder and header tank. Can anyone else see any other...
  6. M

    Installing a pumped shower/Flange

    I need to install a pumped shower, connected to a gravity system. Hot water is in an direct cylinder on the first floor, and CWST is on the rafters in the loft. I was considering installing a Surrey Flange, but I've been unable to find the 'manufacturers fitting instructions' does anyone have...
  7. J

    Washing machine pumped waste

    Hello Installing washing machine in remote location under stairs/ no drain near by here’s what I’m proposing but never done before so thought I’d have an ask, Fit washing machine with hose into hockey stick trap then connect to Grundfos sololift C-3 lifting station, core through the wall to...
  8. A

    Switching from Gravity to fully pumped - open vent position?

    Hi, Our gravity HW tank split and without a long delay the only one we could get was a fully pumped tank. Fairly easy replumb to get the tank in, however on all diagrams I've looked at, the fully pumped system has the open vent coming off between the boiler and the pump, whereas in our current...
  9. W

    Salamander pump - no cold water being pumped through

    Hi, I've just moved into a house that has an immersion tank and a Salamander pump above it for the showers. It started leaking after a week and the shower went really hot so we called someone out who replaced an O ring, which stopped the leak, but it's still coming out too hot. I've just checked...
  10. P

    TBSE on a very long radiator

    I have a 225cm wide, 45cm high radiator on a standard vented, 8mm microbore two-pipe, fully pumped system. I am getting rid of its old twin entry radiator valve to install a trv, so I need to decide where to position it and the lockshield. Easiest option would be TBSE (top-bottom, same end) on...
  11. J

    URGENT Mira Magna pumped digital mixer ,Only Hot Water coming out

    Mira Magna pumped digital mixer ,Only Hot Water coming out
  12. Reddwarf4ever

    Bore size for a shower hose with a Fully pumped supply

    this may sound a basic question, but it is important. I have seen so many conflicting opinions, even from manufacturers. Some say, just use the biggest bore possible, others say use a small bore 8mm for a fully pumped system & a large bore 11mm for a gravity system. There must be a reason why...
  13. T

    Aqualisa Quartz non pumped controller amps.

    I am getting a vehicle charger installed and want to check my cut out fuse is suitable at 60 amps. I have the above shower processor on an unvented cylinder and wondered how much power the shower will use when in use. Does anyone know? I assume it’s not like using a power shower so should be a...
  14. I

    Pumped Accumulator or DAB Esybox System

    Morning all, I've just bought a 4 bedroom/ 2 bathroom property and wanted some advice on which way to go with the water system. I've redone the drains and in the process replace the incoming mains to 25mm from the external meter. At the moment this supplies 20l/m at around 1.2bar, static...
  15. A

    Issues on pumped system

    I have a hot water and cold water pump in the house for the bathrooms in a 3 strorey victorian house. the pumps are not stopping. can someone help. I am in SW116AB - Clapham
  16. M

    Gravity hot water, pumped heating conversion

    Hi have been asked to fit an unvented cylinder (I’m G3) but the heating system is as follows. ideal Mexico 2 boiler gravity hot water pumped heating 28mm flow and return from boiler to cylinder with 22mm flow and return to boiler with pump for heating. is it possible to put an unvented...
  17. eagleeye

    Gravity hot water to fully pumped / sealed

    One of our installers currently fitted a new heat only boiler to replace an old floor standing with gravity hot water. At the time he never fitted any valves or cylinder stat etc so I have been called back there to basically start again. Been there today to do it and found that he had the pump...
  18. H

    Converting gravity fed to pumped system

    have an old system, large water tank and small f&e tank on loft, hot water cylinder on first floor, boilder on ground floor (Ideal Mexico Super C 125, vintage 1987, works well though had new stat put in recently). Would really like to just change HWC and leave everything else in place, though...
  19. C

    Advice on converting from Gravity Fed to Fully Pumped.

    OK, time served aerospace engineer here. Here's my query. Mums house has a very old floor standing boiler - HW is gravity fed, CH is pumped. F/E is in the return pipe of the HW loop. I live a long way away, so have to deal with it remotely, otherwise i'd be doing it myself. Boiler has been...
  20. B

    UK Pumped heating/gravity HW conversion help please

    Hello all can someone help me with this please....? I'm changing an old Potterton Kingfisher 2 with pumped heating and gravity hot water to a new heat only boiler with S plan layout whilst keeping it open vent. It is a big house with the boiler in the basement, cylinder up on second floor and...
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